[149] When re-erected at the Hippodrome of Constantinople, the obelisk was mounted on a decorative base, with reliefs that depict Theodosius I and his courtiers. [290] As public hospitals tend to be overcrowded or otherwise slow, private hospitals are preferable for those who can afford them. [290][312] Many of these private hospitals, as well as some of the public hospitals, are equipped with high-tech equipment, including MRI machines, or associated with medical research centers. [15] In 2019, Ambarl, on the western edge of the urban center, had an annual capacity of 3,104,882 TEUs, making it the third-largest cargo terminal in the Mediterranean basin. [174], With the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and Istanbul Province having equivalent jurisdictions, few responsibilities remain for the provincial government. Istanbul has more than 93 colleges and universities,[298] with 400,000 students[299] enrolled in 2016. 2.23M. One-fifth of all district council members, including the district mayors, also represent their districts in the Municipal Council. Hafta", "Istanbul to host 2020 Champions League final, Uefa confirms", "2008/09: Pitmen strike gold in Istanbul", "Aolu Sues Partners in Joint Project Over Ali Sami Yen Land", "Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship 201012", "Regulations of the UEFA Europa League 2010/11", "2010 FIBA World Championship Istanbul: Arenas", "Fenerbahce Ulker's new home, Ulker Sports Arena, opens", "2020 Olympics: Six cities lodge bids for the games", "Turkey Grand Prix Heads for the Scrapyard Over $26m Price Tag", "Turkish Grand Prix 2020 (12-15 November 2020)", "2021 F1 calendar reshuffled as Turkey drops off and extra Austria race added", "Turkish Grand Prix to rejoin 2021 Formula 1 calendar", "Powerboat P1 2009 World Championship Istanbul, Turkey", "2012 Yar Program ve Genel Yar Talimat", "Young editor to take helm of Turkish-Armenian weekly", "Istanbul and the History of Water in Istanbul", "Short History of Electrical Energy in Turkey", "YILLAR TBARIYLA YAPIMI TAMAMLANMI OTOYOLLAR (2021)", "Lengths of State Highways according to surface types by Provinces (Km)(2021)", "Plan for New Bosphorus Bridge Sparks Row Over Future of Istanbul", "Istanbul's $1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open", "Istanbul Commuters Skeptical of Transit Change", "GEBZE-HALKALI BANLY HATTI 2018 SONUNDA HZMETE GRYOR", "EBRD Supports Privatisation of Ferry Operations in Istanbul", "How Your Greek Summer Holiday Can Help Save Greece", "2012 Sees End of Line for Haydarpaa Station", "Eurolines GermanyDeutsche Touring GmbHEuropabus", "Last flight leaves Ataturk as Istanbul switches airports", "Turkish Airlines relocates to new Istanbul Airport", "Turkish Airlines is switching to a new Istanbul airport all in 45 hours", "Sabiha Gken: New Terminal Lands on Time and Budget", "Sabiha Gken Named World's Fastest Growing Airport", "Preliminary 2013 World Airport Traffic and Rankings", INVENTORY OF EXISTING SPECIES AND THEIR HABITATS IN THE BOSPHORUS AREA, "Deniz Kirliliini nlemeye likin Hedefler", "Rangers keep an eye on Istanbul's wildlife during winter", "How the street cats of Istanbul landed on their feet", "stanbul'da istilac yeil papaan uyars: Saylar 5-6 bini geti, kent faunas bozulabilir", "Understanding Vehicular Pollution AQI, Harmful Effects and How to Reduce It? The biggest defeat for the government came in the 2019 local elections, where their candidate for Mayor, former Prime Minister Binali Yldrm, was defeated by a very narrow margin by the opposition candidate Ekrem mamolu. [70] There was a huge new palace to rival, if not overshadow, the old one, a new covered market (still standing as the Grand Bazaar), porticoes, pavilions, walkways, as well as more than a dozen new mosques. More arrivals per year shows how important the city is viewed internationally, and may indicate better infrastructure, such as airports, public transport, [281] Istanbul Park was also a venue of the World Touring Car Championship and the European Le Mans Series in 2005 and 2006, but the track has not seen either of these competitions since then. WebIf you live in Istanbul, then Istanbul is very expensive. Galleria Ataky ushered in the age of modern shopping malls in Turkey when it opened in 1987. The cost of living in Istanbul is 122% more expensive than in Konya. The Istanbul Biennial is a contemporary art exhibition that has been held biennially since 1987. Apart from the city's numerous stadiums, sports halls and concert halls, there are several open-air venues for concerts and festivals, such as the Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre in Harbiye, Paraf Kurueme Open-Air on the Bosphorus shore in Kurueme, and Parkorman in the forest of Maslak. [180] Constantinople jostled with other major historical cities, such as Baghdad, Chang'an, Kaifeng and Merv for the position of the world's largest city until the 12th century. [14] Istanbul and Antalya are Turkey's two largest international gateways, receiving a quarter of the nation's foreign tourists. [78], Sultan Abdul Hamid II was deposed with the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 and the Ottoman Parliament, closed since 14 February 1878, was reopened 30 years later on 23 July 1908, which marked the beginning of the Second Constitutional Era. Istanbul also has an active nightlife and historic taverns, a signature characteristic of the city for centuries, if not millennia. [169] All members of the district councils and the Municipal Council, including the metropolitan mayor, are elected to five-year terms. [148] It was brought from Delphi in 324 CE, during the reign of Constantine the Great, and also erected at the spina of the Hippodrome. [195] Zazas are also present in the city and constitute around 1% of the total voting-age population. [136] However, KozyataAtaehir, Altunizade, Kavack and mraniye, all together having around 1.4 million sqm of class-A office space) are now important "edge cities", i.e. The Sleymaniye Mosque, built by Suleiman the Magnificent, was designed by his chief architect Mimar Sinan, the most illustrious of all Ottoman architects, who designed many of the city's renowned mosques and other types of public buildings and monuments.[155]. [191][201], Into the 19th century, the Christians of Istanbul tended to be either Greek Orthodox, members of the Armenian Apostolic Church or Catholic Levantines. [320] The O-7[321] or Kuzey Marmara Otoyolu, is a motorway that bypass Istanbul to the north. [84] Turkish forces of the Ankara government, commanded by kr Naili Pasha (3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the Liberation Day of Istanbul (Turkish: stanbul'un Kurtuluu) and is commemorated every year on its anniversary. [227] While the project was still on Turkey's agenda in 2020, there has not been a clear date set for it. [301] At the behest of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Krkeme water supply network was constructed; by 1563, the network provided 4,200 cubic meters (150,000cuft) of water to 158 sites each day. [107] These snow squalls are heavy snow bands and occasionally thundersnows, with accumulation rates approaching 58 centimeters (23in) per hour. [15] In 2019, companies based in Istanbul produced exports worth $83.66 billion and received imports totaling $128.34 billion; these figures were equivalent to 47 percent and 61 percent, respectively, of the national totals. Topkap Palace, dating back to 1465, is the oldest seat of government surviving in Istanbul. Their prevalence has increased significantly over the last decade, as the percentage of outpatients using private hospitals increased from 6 percent to 23 percent between 2005 and 2009. [15] Several picturesque islandsBykada, Heybeliada, Burgazada, Knalada, and five smaller islandsare part of the city. [231][232], 13.4 million foreign tourists visited the city in 2018, making Istanbul the world's fifth most-visited city in that year. 16.1C vs 14.2C 73.89% lower The 2021 F1 Turkish Grand Prix was initially cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic,[280] but on 25 June 2021, it was announced that the 2021 F1 Turkish Grand Prix will take place on 3 October 2021. [44], Constantine the Great effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire in September 324. Its only cheap for tourists. The dominant ethnic group in the city is Turkish people, which also forms the majority group in Turkey. The city served as an imperial capital for almost 1600 years: during the Roman/Byzantine (3301204), Latin (12041261), late Byzantine (12611453), and Ottoman (14531922) empires. [209] They continue to live in Istanbul (mostly in Karaky, Beyolu and Nianta), and Izmir (mostly in Karyaka, Bornova and Buca). [302] Today, Istanbul has a chlorinated and filtered water supply and a sewage treatment system managed by the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (stanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon daresi, SK). The forest originally supplied water to the city and remnants of reservoirs used during Byzantine and Ottoman times survive.[145][146]. [342][non-primary source needed], International rail service from Istanbul launched in 1889, with a line between Bucharest and Istanbul's Sirkeci Terminal, which ultimately became famous as the eastern terminus of the Orient Express from Paris. [52][53] Constantinople is generally considered to be the center and the "cradle of Orthodox Christian civilization". [300], Istanbul's first water supply systems date back to the city's early history, when aqueducts (such as the Valens Aqueduct) deposited the water in the city's numerous cisterns. [32], The history of the city proper begins around 660 BCE,[10][33][d] when Greek settlers from Megara established Byzantium on the European side of the Bosporus. [22] An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name Constantinople, with the first and third syllables dropped. [137] At present, some gecekondu areas are being gradually demolished and replaced by modern mass-housing compounds. It experiences cool winters with frequent precipitation, and warm to hot (mean temperature peaking at 20C (68F) to 25C (77F) in August, depending on location), moderately dry summers. This moderates temperature swings and produces a mild temperate climate with low diurnal temperature variation. [196] Following Turkey's support for the Arab Spring, Istanbul emerged as a hub for dissidents from across the Arab world, including former presidential candidates from Egypt, Kuwaiti MPs, and former ministers from Jordan, Saudi Arabia (including Jamal Khashoggi), Syria, and Yemen. [18] Some Ottoman sources of the 17th century, such as Evliya elebi, describe it as the common Turkish name of the time; between the late 17th and late 18th centuries, it was also in official use. [14] Istanbul is home to several UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and hosts the headquarters of numerous Turkish companies, accounting for more than thirty percent of the country's economy. 19.2C vs 18.2C 1.9C higher average temperature? [40] Byzantium then continued as part of the Athenian League and its successor, the Second Athenian League, before gaining independence in 355 BCE. Byzantium (Under Athens) 478 BC404 BC [303], The Silahtaraa Power Station, a coal-fired power plant along the Golden Horn, was the sole source of Istanbul's electricity between 1914, when its first engine room was completed, and 1952. [90] The fault caused the earthquakes in 1766 and 1894. [210] Romaniote and Ashkenazi communities existed in Istanbul before the conquest of Istanbul, but it was the arrival of Sephardic Jews that ushered a period of cultural flourishing. The Neolithic settlement in the Yenikap quarter on the European side, which dates back to c. 6500 BCE and predates the formation of the Bosporus strait by approximately a millennium (when the Sea of Marmara was still a lake)[147] was discovered during the construction of the Marmaray railway tunnel. The industry has its roots in the former Ottoman capital, where the first Turkish newspaper, Takvim-i Vekayi (Calendar of Affairs), was published in 1831. The most recent of these is the 13,800-seat lker Sports Arena, which opened in 2012 as the home court of Fenerbahe's basketball teams. Istanbul became one of the world's most important Jewish centers in the 16th and 17th century. Latin Empire 12041261 [364] Water pollution, overfishing and destruction of coastal habitats caused by urbanization are main threats to Istanbul's marine ecology. [156] Over the next four centuries, the Ottomans made an indelible impression on the skyline of Istanbul, building towering mosques and ornate palaces. [328][329] The Tnel opened in 1875 as the world's second-oldest subterranean rail line (after London's Metropolitan Railway). [330][331], The Istanbul Metro comprises eight lines (the M1, M2, M3, M6, M7 and M9 on the European side, and the M4 and M5 on the Asian side) with several other lines (M8, M12 and M11) and extensions under construction. [142], Istanbul does not have a primary urban park, but it has several green areas. Istanbul's first private university, Ko University, was founded as late as 1992, because private universities were not allowed in Turkey before the 1982 amendment to the constitution. [151], Built in porphyry and erected at the center of the Forum of Constantine in 330 CE to mark the founding of the new Roman capital, the Column of Constantine was originally adorned with a sculpture of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great depicted as the solar god Apollo on its top, which fell in 1106 and was later replaced by a cross during the reign of Byzantine emperor Manuel Komnenos (r. Akmerkez was awarded the titles of "Europe's best" and "World's best" shopping mall by the International Council of Shopping Centers in 1995 and 1996; Istanbul Cevahir has been one of the continent's largest since opening in 2005; and Kanyon won the Cityscape Architectural Review Award in the Commercial Built category in 2006. [80], The Ottoman Empire joined World War I (19141918) on the side of the Central Powers and was ultimately defeated. Turkish Straits and Sea of Marmara play a vital role for migrating fish and other marine animals between Mediterranean, Marmara and Black Sea. Following the model of French cities, this religious system was replaced by a mayor and a citywide council composed of representatives of the confessional groups (millet) across the city. Xeriscaping of green spaces has been suggested,[129] and Istanbul has a climate-change action plan. 13. The city's largest private universities include Sabanc University, with its main campus in Tuzla, Ko University in Saryer, zyein niversitesi near Altunizade. Istanbul's foreign population with a residence permit increased dramatically, from 43,000 in 2007[186] to 856,377 in 2019. [83] The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918 and the Allies occupied Constantinople on 13 November 1918. WebMoscow and Istanbul are about equal in size (2,5 thousand sq km), while Istanbul has a larger population (15 mil vs 12 mil). [210] In marked contrast to Jews in Europe, Ottoman Jews were allowed to work in any profession. Compare Popular size comparisons The first use of the word Islambol (Ottoman Turkish: ) on coinage was in 1730 during the reign of Sultan Mahmud I. Marmaray rail line has 76.6km, and the full line opened on 12 March 2019. Turkey 1923Present, Neolithic artifacts, uncovered by archeologists at the beginning of the 21st century, indicate that Istanbul's historic peninsula was settled as far back as the 6th millennium BCE. Sephardic Jews settled in the city after their expulsion from Spain and Portugal in 1492 and 1497. [74] Bridges across the Golden Horn were constructed during this period,[75] and Constantinople was connected to the rest of the European railway network in the 1880s. [76] Modern facilities, such as a water supply network, electricity, telephones, and trams, were gradually introduced to Constantinople over the following decades, although later than to other European cities. deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey, International Council of Shopping Centers, Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Second Bosphorus) Bridge, Yavuz Sultan Selim (Third Bosphorus) Bridge, List of twin towns and sister cities of Istanbul, "The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2021", "Sub-national HDI Area Database Global Data Lab", "Top city destinations by overnight visitors", "Marmaray kazlarnda tarih gn na kt", "Blue Versus Green: Rocking the Byzantine Empire", Globalization, Cosmopolitanism, and the Dnme in Ottoman Salonica and Turkish Istanbul, "Turkey recovers from one earthquake and braces for more", "Turkey: New building code for earthquake resilience", "World Map of the Kppen-Geiger climate classification updated", "Updated world map of the Kppen-Geiger climate classification", "Climatologie globale Istanbul / Ataturk - Infoclimat", "Personal Weather Station Dashboard | Weather Underground", "Normales et records climatologiques 1981-2010 Istanbul / Ataturk - Infoclimat", "Comparisons of Annual Meanprecipations of Annual Meanprecipitation Gridded and Station Data: An Example from Istanbul, Turkey Yllk Ortalama Gridlenmi Ya Verisi ve stasyon Ya Verisinin Karlatrlmas, stanbul rnei USTAOLU Marmara Corafya Dergisi", "stanbul Blge Mdrl'ne Bal stasyonlarda llen Ekstrem Deerler", "Normales et records climatologiques 2011-2020 SARIYER - Infoclimat", "Snow Acts as a Magical Balm in an Anxious Turkey (Published 2017)", "March 1987 Cyclone (Blizzard) over the Eastern Mediterranean and Balkan Region Associated with Blocking", 10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<3036:MCBOTE>2.0.CO;2, "Rivista Ligure di Meteorologia 44 - La neve sulle coste del Mediterraneo", "Normales et records climatologiques 1991-2020 Istanbul / Ataturk - Infoclimat", "weather istanbul - turkey - weatheronline", "Gov't forced to take measures amid below average rainfall across Turkey", "Lightning electrifies Istanbul, northwestern Turkey skies as thunderstorms take over", "Istanbul flood result of Turkey's climate change", "Climate Explorer: Yearly cycle and anomalies over", "Koppen climate classification | Definition, System, & Map", "Appendix D: Koppen-Trewartha Climate Classification Descriptions", "Temperature to increase significantly in Turkey in 30 years due to global warming, warns climate expert", "Xeriscaping Feasibility as an Urban Adaptation Method for Global Warming: A Case Study from Turkey", Istanbul Office Market General Overview: Third Quarter 2021, WCTR Society & Unyu Seisaku Kenky Kik 2004, "Gov't launches plan to fight illegal construction", "Poor but Proud Istanbul Neighborhood Faces Gentrification", "Forced gentrification plan spells end for old Roma district in Istanbul", "New city construction to begin in six months", "Water Supply Systems, Reservoirs, Charity and Free Fountains, Turkish Baths", "Illustration of the Lake (later Sea) of Marmara and the formation of the Turkish Straits after the Black Sea deluge", Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2008, "Population of Istanbul in Turkey from 2007 to 2019", "Address Based Population Registration System Results of 2010", "The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2019", "File 11a: The 30 Largest Urban Agglomerations Ranked by Population Size at Each Point in Time, 19502035", "Starting Up in Turkey: Expats Getting Organized", "International Migration Statistics, 2019", "Doum yerlerine gre stanbul nfusu ve i gler", "stanbul'da en ok nereli var: stanbul'da en ok hangi ilden vatanda yayor? Turkish National Movement 1923 osannye (Ottoman Turkish: ) and stanbul were the names used alternatively by the Ottomans during their rule. To get started, select two countries below, and hit 'Go'!. [316][317][318] The density of expressway network is 16.8km/100km2. The other obelisk was erected on the spina of the Circus Maximus in Rome in the autumn of that year, and is now known as the Lateran Obelisk. [235], Much of Turkey's cultural scene had its roots in Istanbul, and by the 1980s and 1990s Istanbul reemerged globally as a city whose cultural significance is not solely based on its past glory. Historians disagreesometimes substantiallyon population figures of Istanbul (Constantinople), and other world cities, prior to the 20th century. [192][193] According to a 2019 KONDA study, Kurds constituted around 17% of Istanbul's adult total population who were Turkish citizens. [264] Istanbul has seven basketball teamsAnadolu Efes, Beikta, Darafaka, Fenerbahe, Galatasaray, stanbul Bykehir Belediyespor and Bykekmecethat play in the premier-level Turkish Basketball Super League.
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