The co-founding agency (TACR) had no role and/or influence on the study and/or on the results of this paper. High-temperature corrosion in a multifuel circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler co-firing refuse derived fuel (RDF) and hard coal - ScienceDirect Fuel Volume 324, Part C, 15 September 2022, 124749 Full Length Article High-temperature corrosion in a multifuel circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler co-firing refuse derived fuel (RDF) and hard coal A Comparative Study of Cyclic Oxidation and Sulfates-Induced Hot Corrosion Behavior of Arc-Sprayed Ni-Cr-Ti Coatings at Moderate Temperatures. Corrosion rate typically accelerates at temperatures below the first melting temperature and mixed deposits may have a broad melting temperature range. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted It needs two factors to act together which leads to stress corrosion. Some water comes out from furnace cover. components include waterwalls, economizers, superheaters and reheaters. The possible sources of the entry of water may be considered at. Corrosion may occur in the feed-water system as a result of low pH water and the presence of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. sodium sulphite 7. From this perspective, it is clear that the best results were obtained for the specimens produced by HVOF technology, using an alloy that is more likely to be used for aerospace applications and that would clearly be an unnecessarily expensive option for the protection of heat exchangers in power boilers. Hence the formation of low melting point compounds of V2O5 and sodium oxide is reduced to a much lower level. 6. During combustion, these elements combine to form various types of vapors and condensed phases. The bell mouthing is to be 1mm for every 25mm of outside diameter plus 1.5mm. However, all the reactions undergo certain changes that are simple to understand. Although most of these materials contain many other additional additions, there is no coherent theory of the alloying required to resist the combination of high temperature salt deposits and flue gases that are found in biomass boiler superheaters that may cause degradation of superheater tubes. Water-tube boilers contain glass tubes that pass water and are surrounded by hot combustion gasses. Failing to keep up with boiler preventative maintenance can lead to the following problems with your boiler. Epub 2020 Mar 2. INTRODUCTION . A boiler maintenance checklist lets you track what parts you need to check during your scheduled boiler checkup. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. Hot corrosion depends on the existence of V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ and Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ in the oil-fired boilers, and of Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ and K/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ in the coal-fired boilers. The effect of boiler deposits on the corrosion of structural materials has been fairly well established by Reid [5]. The .gov means its official. You could not be signed in. Copyright 2022 Bright Hub PM. It has very adverse effect on it and can make it unusable. This is usually associated with improper corrosion prevention. @article{ca617422a57245e19b1cd8334ee6b13c. The objective of the synthesis is to maximize boiler availability and efficiency and minimize operating, repair and upgrading costs. This oxide is not protective and can be penetrated by chlorine species that cause further acceleration of the corrosion rate by a mechanism called active oxidation. Similar strategies have been developed for coal fired and waste-fired boilers. Active oxidation, cited as the cause of most biomass superheater corrosion under chloride ash deposits, does not occur in the absence of these alkali salts when the chloride is present as HCl gas. Excessive feed water consumption from cascade tank or feed water tank. Copyright 2021 The Author(s). Krumm, L.; Galetz, M.C. Fig. Laboratory research has already shown that electrochemically-measured corrosion rates for ash-covered metals are similar to actual mass loss corrosion rates. Piping systems should withstand a lot of stress from operating under high heat and pressure conditions. Hence the intensity of attack at the anode is high. Coatings. Careers. Your facility might also have trouble maintaining proper hot and cold water temperatures. During TWAS, the coating material is fed into the gun in the form of two wires. Mechanical and operation factors such as velocities, metal stresses, and severity of service can strongly influence corrosion rates. Materials and methods 2.1. The oxycoal process with cryogenic oxygen supply. The usual diametrical clearance between the tube and tube hole being about 1.5mm, this must be taken into account while renewal of this tube. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. The sulphur trioxide acts as catalyst for the conversion of vanadium oxides to vanadium pentoxide. the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, Improved test methods that can be applied within this project include automated dimensional metrology to make a statistical analysis of depth of penetration and corrosion product thickness, and simultaneous thermal analysis measurements to quantify the melting of complex ashes and avoid the unreliability of the standard ash fusion test. If youre always having to turn up your heat because it never seems warm enough, that can mean theres an issue with your boiler. As there is a strong pressure in the EU to reduce CO2 emissions and overall fossil fuel consumption in the energy sector, many boilers are burning biomass instead of traditional fuels (coal, natural gas, oil, etc.). Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. High temperature corrosion can proceed only if the corroding deposit is in the liquid phase and the liquid is in direct contact with the metal. Due to corrosive action protective layer may break down and form a local weak point. Papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and undergo peer review You should make sure that the fuel and steam pressure are at the correct levels and that there does not appear to be anything wrong visually with your boiler. The effects of high-temperature pre-precipitation treatment on the microstructure, age-hardening, stress corrosion cracking, inter-granular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion of Al-Zn-Mg alloy have been investigated. These vanadium deposits are very hard and difficult to remove by soot blowing. (3) Although steam-side oxidation in the superheater and reheater does not cause undue metal loss, the exfoliation of the magnetite can cause problems, including blockage of tubes and erosion of steam turbine components. Abstract. Corrosion may produce general attach over a large metal surface or it may result in pinpoint penetration of metal. However, with longer exposure times, there was a dramatic decrease in the corrosion/oxidation rate, and after an initial high increase in mass, further increases stopped; this was the most significant corrosion-resistant sample of all the tested samples. The causes include corrosion, erosion and defects in material, welding, design, analysis and optimization. Corrosion is the reversion of a metal to its ore form. $(document).ready(function() {
In total, five samples of each type of coating and base material were tested in the model flue gas atmosphere at 500 and 600 Cthe most temperature range for boilers in the Czech Republic that are being considered for biomass burning. Studies found that chlorine in biomass fuel played an important role in high-temperature corrosion to metal heat delivery surface in boiler. After depletion of chromium by chromate formation or chromic acid volatilization exceeds a critical amount, the protective scale gives way to a thick layer of Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} over an unprotective (FeCrNi){sub 3}O{sub 4} spinel. The last thing facilities managers want is a malfunctioning boiler causing problems. Reaction at cathode: O2 gets reduced to OH- ions at cathode, Fe2++ ions are combining with OH- ions to form Fe(OH)2, ferrous hydroxide, Fe2+ + 2OH = Fe(OH)2. Tang Z, Chen X, Liu D, Zhuang Y, Ye M, Sheng H, Xu S. J Environ Sci (China). Technically, the weight gains after 5000 h at 500 C (in g/m. Available online: Brief on Biomass for Energy in the European Union. This increases the risk of high temperature (low oxygen) corrosion processes in coal-fired boilers. Different Types of Patterns - Explanation, What is Muff Coupling (Sleeve) - Design , Diagram & Working, Lubrication in 4 four stroke engine with diagram, Tappet Clearance Inlet and Exhaust Pdf, Tool, Adjustment, Classification of IC Engine | Internal combustion Engines. This phenomenon may be referred to as a "corrosion memory" effect (Paz et al., 2017). This site uses cookies. This phenomenon is referred to a caustic hideout. System leaks, a failed component, or other issues can lead to low boiler pressure. Together they form a unique fingerprint. The sodium hydroxide forms local concentrations nearly coming out of solution and forming thin film close to the heating surface. Zhang J, Rahman ZU, Wang X, Wang Z, Li P, Wang Y, Bate D, Zhao K, Tan H. J Environ Manage. Biomass is a "carbon dioxide neutral fuel" and therefore does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. and transmitted securely. Hot corrosion behaviors of TP347H and HR3C stainless steel with KCl deposit in oxy-biomass combustion. Gurgling Typically caused by air getting trapped inside a boiler. Electrochemical tests conducted using a potentiostat show the corrosion reaction of ash-covered probes at 500?C to be electrochemical in nature. The type of corrosion attack can be directly ascribed to the composition of the deposit and the metal surface temperature. How Instruments are Calibrated? However, significant corrosion rates were still seen. The determination or comparison of the corrosion rate of the individual tested materials was carried out by gravimetric analysis, measuring the weight changes of the samples during exposure to the model atmosphere. Below are examples of unusual noises that can emerge from a boiler: Boilers are an essential part of a home or facilitys heating system. While scale exfoliation from the steam side of superheater and reheater tubes in fossil-fired steam boilers has been a problem for over 40 years, recent trends to increased steam temperature (and pressure), longer operating times at near to maximum load, and the introduction of new alloys have emphasized the importance of this phenomenon as a source of unavailability of coal-fired steam plant, and have led to renewed interest in approaches for managing it. These three areas are reviewed, and current state of knowledge on the mechanisms and methods of control is summarized. Check out our Provider Upgrade Calculator to see how much you can save by optimizing your service network. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. To avoid such high corrosion rates, woodchip has also been utilised as a fuel. The defective expanded tube is found originally expanded and bell-mouthed at the tube ends. The first step is cropping at the ends about 50mm from the tube plate and chisel off. The melting points of these deposits have been measured to be approximately 550C to 620C. How to prevent corrosion of Boiler ? This was probably due to the higher overall thickness of the coating and also to the fact that, when using this technology, increased oxidation of the alloy particles already occurs during the actual protective coating process. Once tube leakage is confirmed steps will be taken to identify the leaking tube. This paper presents an integrated and practical synthesis mechanism for boiler tubing life prediction and life extension of coal-fired power plants. High Temperature Corrosion in Biomass-Fired Boilers. /. Major causes and components of boiler tubing failures are integrated within the proposed synthesis. Loves to share his learnings and experiences with others. For All authors declare no conflict of interest. Corrosion is mainly a local corrosion. That helps ensure you get the most from your boiler as far as efficiency. Ammonia injection was a method adopted by a few designers in certain process plant boilers burning high sulphur oil due to the availability of ammonia. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The corrosion rate in coal ash corrosion, between 1,100F and 1,250F, is very high. Corrective actions will depend on the severity of the high temperature ash corrosion problem. The sound happens when water boils up through the scale. An official website of the United States government. ; Frandsen, F.; Dam-Johansen, K.; Larsen, H.L. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. This gives rise to specific corrosion problems not previously encountered in coal-fired power plants. 1. 2. Deposits also promote the transport of oxygen to the metal surface. All samples were placed into a small ceramic vessel and packed together into a set that was exposed in a model biomass flue gas testing atmosphere which had been controlled by a mass flow controller/regulator; the flow rate was set to 100 mL/min. Depending on the level of metal temperatures of the tubes the vanadates remain as hard deposits that are difficult to remove by even mechanical means- or corrode the tube. Overheating could be due to low water condition, heavy scale, oily deposits or forcing of the boiler. Strain accumulates in growing oxides due to two main processes: from volume changes that occur when the metal is converted to oxide, and when changes occur in the oxide morphology as the oxide itself is further oxidized; and due to thermal cycling, when the often large differences in coefficients of thermal expansion between the metal and the oxide (and among different oxides) generate large stresses over relatively short times. The most important corrosive species in biomass superheater corrosion are chlorine compounds and the most corrosion resistant alloys are typically FeCrNi alloys containing 20-28% Cr. Larsen Request full-text Abstract In Denmark, biomass such as straw or woodchip is. When straw is combusted, potassium chloride and potassium sulphate are present in ash products, which condense on superheater components. Foam can lower the efficiency of your boiler unit and can be detected with regular boiler maintenance. The authors would like to thank David Braha (CASTOLIN EUTECTIC, Castolin s.r.o.) (2002). In fuel oil fired boilers, the main impurities are vanadium, sulphur, sodium, and chlorine. The best way you can prevent a lot of the problems outlined below include the following: An unchecked boiler leak can end up causing water damage to your home. Once the oxidation process starts, holes and cavities can form, eventually destroying the metal. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. Oily Water Separator : Construction, Working Principle, How it Works ? Henriksen, N., Montgomery, M., & Hede Larsen, O. 8600 Rockville Pike This gives rise to specific corrosion problems not previously encountered in coal-fired power plants. This improved method was applied to the analysis of the high temperature corrosion problem of a 215 MW coal-fired utility boiler, combining with in-site test data. This technology is relatively easy and can produce a high amount of coating per hour (up to 80 kg/h). Our facility management software streamlines the handling of services associated with your daily tasks. Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. The vanadium pentoxides combine with sodium in the fuel to form sodium meta venadate, which is a low melting point inorganic. However, significant corrosion rates were still seen. To avoid such high corrosion rates, woodchip has also been utilised as a fuel. The sulphur in the fuel combines with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide and trioxide, depending upon the availability and temperature. These cracks often originate where a dense protective oxide film covers the metal surfaces and cracking occurs from the action of applied cyclic stresses. Published 30 March 2007. The High Temperature Resistant Anti-corrosion Coating market is constantly evolving while the research report is being written . Corrosion is a reduction/redox reaction. When the content of chlorine in biomass fuel reached a certain value, the corrosion effect of chlorine would be greater than that of sulfur in biomass fuel. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Boiler feed WATER: Q. After 5000 h of exposure at 500 and 600 C in a model atmosphere containing hydrogen chloride, all the tested thermally sprayed specimens were virtually free of signs of corrosionno significant oxide layers were observed on the outer surface of the specimens or on the sections. The chemistry of these reactions taking place during combustion is complex and is widely varying. Ideally, you should plan to ensure your unit is in working order to deal with the summer or winter months, the time when many people experience more extreme temperatures. Corrosion rate increases with temperature, hence where metal surfaces are hottest failure may take place earlier. Corrosion Laboratory, SVUM a.s., 250 88 Celakovice, Czech Republic. The site is secure. Each has essential components that must be checked to ensure theyre working correctly and not in danger of causing a critical malfunction. Required fields are marked *. The burner used pure oxygen and kerosene. Register today for, High-Temperature Corrosion and Materials Applications, Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection, Failure Analysis and Prevention (2021 Edition), Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance, https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.9781627081849, https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004157, Challenges in Materials Applications for High-Temperature Service, Corrosion by Halogen and Hydrogen Halides, High-Temperature Corrosion of Beryllium and Beryllium Alloys, Corrosion of Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloys, High-Temperature Corrosion-Related Failures. Methodology, J.C.; Project administration, J.H. We can easily to check which one is leaking ligaments. Effects of coal chlorine content and heat flux on high temperature corrosion rates. There are 88 waste-to-energy (WTE) plants in the U.S. and over 600 worldwide. High-temperature corrosion can proceed only if the corroding deposit is in the liquid phase and the liquid is in direct contact with the metal. Its also a good idea to test low water cutoff, the boiler level alarm and perform soot blowing to get rid of ash and soot build-up. The addition of MgO results in the formation of Magnesium Vanadate complex (3MgO V2O5), which has a higher melting temperature. Deposition and high temperature corrosion in a 10 MW straw fired boiler. Fill up the boiler water level to full. In fuel oil fired boilers, the main impurities are vanadium, sulphur, sodium, and chlorine. Hydrogen attack can also occur when hydrogen is released by caustic corrosion. ec.europa.eu. Abstract. (d) How will you repair to proceeds the rest of journey? Although a deposit is more corrosive at temperatures where it is molten than at temperatures where it is frozen, increasing superheater tube temperatures through the measured first melting point of fly ash deposits does not necessarily produce a step increase in corrosion rate. Nielsen, H.P. Different corrosion mechanisms are believed to operate on tube surfaces, as dictated by the local chemistry of combustion gases and deposits, the tube material compositions, the flue gas temperature, and the tube metal temperatures. 3. Overall, these values were in the low or low tens of g/m. As steam consumption is more feed pump will be continuous running. These are: (1) corrosion of the superheaters and reheaters due to the deposition of fuel impurities, principally alkali metal sulfates in the case of coal-fired boilers and vanadium pentoxide in the case of oil-fired units. Please check your email address / username and password and try again. Sulfur recirculation for increased electricity production in Waste-to-Energy plants. Also important is the amount of scale that detaches in an exfoliation event, as well as the size and shape of the oxide flakes, since these influence the ultimate destination of the debris in the steam circuit: either deposition in tube bends (resulting ultimately in blocking and/or tube overheating), or entrained transport in the steam to the turbine (leading to erosion damage of the first stages of nozzles and blades). Influence of flue gas recirculation on the performance of incinerator-waste heat boiler and NOx emission in a 500t/d waste-to-energy plant. Waste is by nature heterogeneous and has a substantially high composition of chlorine (0.47-0.72 wt%) as compared to other solid fuels used for power production. Available online: Michelsen, H.P. Ghadami, F.; Sabour Rouh Aghdam, A.; Ghadami, S. A comprehensive study on the microstructure evolution and oxidation resistance of conventional and nanocrystalline MCrAlY coatings. The research approach involves laboratory research. Iron, for example, reverts to iron oxide as the result of corrosion. A case study of a woodchip fired boiler is described. Corrosion in the boiler proper generally occurs when the boiler water alkalinity is low or when the metal is exposed to oxygen bearing water either during operation or idle periods. A high chlorine content in biomass can be devastating for heat-exchanging surfaces in plants combusting straw, and conventional boiler tube materials cannot be used in such case [, In this study here presented, various thermally sprayed coatings were tested in an atmosphere containing chlorine/hydrogen chloride, simulating the biomass burner flue gas, which usually contains Cl, Five different metallic coatings and two steel materials, as a reference, were tested in this work. During combustion these impurities undergo changes in their chemical form by combining with other constituents in the combustion regime. This article describes the corrosion modes in a waste-to-energy boiler. This form of attack can take place at high pressures due to excessive concentrations of sodium hydroxide. Epub 2020 Mar 11. Topics Corrosion , Electrical and electronics , Energy and power , Medical and biomedical , High-temperature corrosion , Waterwall corrosion , Boilers , Superheaters FOIA Before Austenitic stainless steel tubes of AISI 304, 316, 321, and 347 types are sometimes exposed to severe hot corrosion environments in superheaters and reheaters of utility boilers. 5. From the gravimetric results, it was clear that the tested coatings were quite resistant in the specified environment, and their corrosion behavior was mainly influenced by the surface condition and overall porosity in the hot spray. reduces its oxygen content. 2022; 12(2):116. This phenomenon may be referred to as a "corrosion memory" effect (Paz et al., 2017). This gives rise to specific corrosion problems not previously encountered in coal-fired power plants. This breaks down the magnetite layer and then reacts with the steel to produce a soluble compound which then deposits on the surface in the form of a layer of loose porous oxide. boiler, high temperature corrosion, residual assessment (rla) methodology of the boiler tubes due to life assessment, water wall, superheater and reheater. Magnesium or calcium oxide based additives are used to control the corrosiveness of oil fuels. The saturated chlorine salts condense at the relatively cold heat exchanger surfaces (cold trap). Empirical relationship between high temperature corrosion rate and coal chlorine. Test procedures included both isothermal and thermal gradient tests. To avoid such high corrosion rates, woodchip has also been utilised as a fuel. Deformation of tube plate: Under pressure would have the overheating effect that tube fail at the tube end of the tube plate. Dive into the research topics of 'High Temperature Corrosion in Biomass-Fired Boilers'. The addition of oxygen-containing gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide to nitrogen caused a more rapid decrease in corrosion rate, while the addition of water vapor increased the corrosion rate. Youll typically find them used within heating, ventilation, or air conditioning (HVAC) applications. An electric arc is generated between the ends of the wires, whose energy is used to melt the material. ec.europa.eu. The laboratory tests were carried out at 500 and 600 C with an exposure time of 5000 h, after which the mass changes were evaluated, and the samples were subjected to metallographic analysis. The selection of fuel for a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant can vary over time. What is Calibration of the Instruments? The temperature regimes in which this corrosion occurs are summarized in Figure 2. Large area differences could be caused by mill scale, oxide films, acid pockets of water, scale from salts, pores or crevices, oils, gases and ingress of metals into the boiler. Reduce wear and tear on your boiler components, Reduce safety concerns for those working near the boiler, Looking at and documenting error and service codes, A review of temperature and pressure readings, Looking for blockages in the combustion air opening, Remove obstructions from the vent termination, Removing any items that could obstruct the boiler, Checking that the floor drains function correctly, Inspecting boiler fresh air inlet screens, Looking for and removing sludge from the blowdown at the bottom of a boiler, Checking and cleaning the boiler heat exchanger, Making sure there are no problems with boiler wiring or connections, Ensuring that flame sensors, ignitor, and burn assembly are clean. For example, in the case of the K50 coating made using the plasma torch, the initial weight growth was very large, but approximately after the first 500 h in model atmosphere at 500 C, it almost stopped; afterwards, there were practically no weight changes. In this case, the level of oxidation was determined by measuring weight gainsit was impossible to determine weight losses, as the oxidic layer on the surface of the sprayed coatings could not be selectively removed, chemically or physically. High temperature corrosion in a boiler firing coal is mainly caused due to the presence of impurities like sulphur, alkali metals and chlorine. Keep up to date with the latest aerospace materials and technologies. The corrosion mechanisms in both straw-fired and woodchip fired boilers are discussed.". Results reported here were for carbon steel tubes exposed to an environment consisting of O . It would be very useful to compare the predictions of these models regarding corrosion rates and recommended alloys in the boiler environments where field tests will be performed in the current program. It can penetrate the grain boundary of tube metal and react with carbon and produces methane gas. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. You are accessing a machine-readable page. Mechanical stress of boiler parts may be due to mal-operation of the boiler, raising steam too rapidly from cold, missing or poorly connected internal feed pipes, fluctuating feed temperature and steaming conditions. This is mainly due to the EU 2030 energy strategy, which commits Member States to reduce fossil fuel emissions by at least 40% (compared to the 1990 level) and to use at least 32% . However, significant corrosion rates were still seen. For more information, please refer to ; (United States). Boiler headers, also called manifolds, operate as outlets for hot fluids. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Corrosive conditions aggravate the condition. Combustion of woodchip results in a smaller amount of ash, and potassium and chlorine are present in lesser amounts. What is Boiler Corrosion / Corrosion in Boiler ? The tube ends of the new tube are cleaned thoroughly and carefully roller expanded into the hole in the tube plate. Common causes of boiler corrosion include: Boiler scaling is caused by impurities from water during a heat transfer and landing on the surface of the transport components. Combustion of woodchip results in a smaller amount of ash, and potassium and chlorine are present in lesser amounts. Presence of corrosive gases such as Oxygen (O2), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) in the boiler water, Acidity imparted to water due to decomposition of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) or Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020116, Hruska, Jan, Jakub Mlnarik, and Josef Cizner. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. Corrosion rates measured are similar to those from an automated corrosion monitoring system. There are essentially three distinct high temperature corrosion problems in fossil fuel fired steam boilers. When a steam boiler water tube is started leaking. Corrosion fatigue cracks are usually thick, blunt and cross the metal grains. Measuring the melting temperatures of the fireside scale/ash constituents would provide a measure of ash corrosivity. High-temperature pre-precipitation can enhance the distribution discontinuity of grain boundary precipitates, increase the . for his help with preparation of samples. creating conditions that will cause rapid corrosion on the superheater tubes and replacement expenses. Babiak, Z.; Wenz, T.; Engl, L. Fundamentals of Thermal Spraying, Flame and Arc Spraying. Whistling Typically caused by kittling or trapped air within your boiler. ; Writingoriginal draft, J.H. In field tests, 347 tubes have maintained good resistance to both fire-side and steam-side corrosion for five years. The most important influential factor for high temperature corrosion of boiler waterwall was found out and the combustion adjustment was carried out correspondingly. Corrosion is a relevant problem caused by water in boilers. To avoid such high corrosion rates, woodchip has also been utilised as a fuel. Tests of corrosion probes made with mild steel, 304L stainless steel (SS), and 316L SS sensors showed that corrosion of the sensors in a very aggressive incinerator ash was controlled by the ash and not by the alloy content.
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